> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://ivalexev.gitbook.io/rednote/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://ivalexev.gitbook.io/rednote/utility/general.md). # General Utilities that can always be useful in different contexts. ## Info Commands {% tabs %} {% tab title="Linux" %} {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```bash apropos ``` {% endcode %} {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```bash man ``` {% endcode %} {% endtab %} {% tab title="Windows" %} {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```powershell help ``` {% endcode %} {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```powershell ? /? ``` {% endcode %} {% endtab %} {% endtabs %} ## Terminal {% tabs %} {% tab title="Windows & Tabs" %}

Command	Description
`CTRL + ALT + T`	Open terminal window
`CTRL + SHIFT + T`	New tabs
`CTRL + SHIFT + W`	Close tabs
`ALT + <NUM_TAB>`	Move between the tabs

{% endtab %} {% tab title="Utility" %}

Command	Description
`CTRL + L`	Clear screen
`CTRL + SHIFT + C`	Copy
`CTRL + SHIFT + V`	Paste
`HOME` or `CTRL + A`	Start line
`END` or `CTRL + E`	End line
`ALT + <--`	Go back one word
`ALT + -->`	Go forward one word
`CTRL + D`	Delete one character forward
`CTRL + W`	Delete one word back
`ALT + D`	Delete one word forward
`CTRL + U`	Delete to the start of the line
`CTRL + K`	Delete to the end of the line
`CTRL + P`	On Kali, change version of the terminal

{% endtab %} {% tab title="Processes" %}

Command	Description
`CTRL + C`	Open terminal window
`CTRL + Z` `jobs` `fg <N>` `bg <N>`	Background process View background processes Resume <N> in the foreground Resume <N> in the background
`CTRL + S`	Pause output
`CTRL + Q`	Resume output

{% endtab %} {% tab title="Redirection" %} `2>&1` : STDERR in STDOUT `0>&1` : STDIN in STDOUT {% endtab %} {% endtabs %} ## Vim {% tabs %} {% tab title="Main" %}

Command	Description
`:q!`	Quit without saving
`:wq`	Save and quit
`:w !sudo tee %`	Save and quit when you forgot sudo
`i`	Insert mode before the cursor
`a`	Insert mode after the cursor
`A`	Insert mode at the end of the line
`o`	Add line above and Insert mode
`O`	Add line below and Insert mode
`v`	Visual mode
`V`	Select line and Visual mode
`x`	Delete character under cursor
`dd`	Delete line
`r`	Change one character under cursor
`R`	Change mode
`u`	Undo
`CTRL + r`	Redo
`y` `" <REG> y`	Copy Specific registers (`+` or `*` for outside of vim)
`p` `" <REG> p`	Paste Specific registers (`+` or `*` for outside of vim)

{% endtab %} {% tab title="Navigate & Search" %}

Command	Description
`gg`	Jump to first line
`G`	Jump to last line
`<N>G` `:<N>`	Jump to line N
`/<STRING>`	Search string forward (move with `n` and `N`)
`?<STRING>`	Search string backwards (move with `n` and `N`)
`*`	Search for the word under the cursor (move with `n` and `N`)
`:set number` `:set nonumber`	Set number of lines
`:set ic` `:set noic`	Ignore case in search
`:set is` `:set nois`	Shows partial occurrences during a search

{% endtab %} {% tab title="Special" %}

Command	Description
`:s/<OLD>/<NEW>` `:s/<OLD>/<NEW>/g` `:#,#s/<OLD>/<NEW>/g` `:%s/<OLD>/<NEW>/g` `:%s/<OLD>/<NEW>/gc`	Replace the first <OLD> with <NEW> in the line Replace every <OLD> with <NEW> in the line Replace every <OLD> with <NEW> between the lines #,# Replace every <OLD> with <NEW> in the file Replace every <OLD> with <NEW> in the file, asking for confirm
`:w <FILE>`	Write the selected part or all to the file <FILE>
`:r <FILE>` `:r !<COMMAND>`	Read the file <FILE> and inserts it Execute the command and inserts the output
`:Explore [<DIR>]`	Vim file explorer

{% endtab %} {% tab title="Note" %} **`Operator [Number]`` `****`Movement`** * `w` - Word * `$` - End of line * `0` - Start of line * `e` - End word {% endtab %} {% endtabs %} ## Tmux {% tabs %} {% tab title="Sessions" %}

Command	Description
`tmux`	New session
`tmux ls`	List sessions
`tmux new -s <NAME>`	New session <NAME>
`tmux kill-ses -t <NAME>`	Delete session <NAME>
`tmux kill-session`	Delete all session
`CTRL + b` `d`	Detach from session
`tmux a -t <NAME>`	Attach to a session <NAME>

{% endtab %} {% tab title="Window" %}

Command	Description
`CTRL + b` `c`	New window
`CTRL + b` `,`	Rename window
`CTRL + b` `n`	Next window
`CTRL + b` `p`	Previous window
`CTRL + b` `<N>`	Select window <N>
`CTRL + b` `w`	List and Navigate in window

{% endtab %} {% tab title="Split" %}

Command	Description
`CTRL + b` `%`	Split screen Vertically
`CTRL + b` `"`	Split screen Horizontally
`CTRL + b` `<ARROW>`	Move between screen split
`CTRL + b` `<SPACE>`	Change layout of the split
`CTRL + b` `CTRL + <ARROW>`	Resize current split

{% endtab %} {% tab title="Copy" %}

Command	Description
`CTRL + b` `[`	Copy mode
`CTRL + b` `]`	Paste
`g`	Go top line
`G`	Go bottom line
`w`	Forward one word
`b`	Backward one word
`/`	Search forward (move with `N` and `n`)
`?`	Search backward (move with `N` and `n`)
`<SPACE>`	Start selection
`<ENTER>`	Copy selection

{% endtab %} {% endtabs %} ## Search & Filter {% tabs %} {% tab title="Linux" %} #### Search File {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```bash sudo updatedb locate ``` {% endcode %} {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```bash which ``` {% endcode %} {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```bash find -type -name 2>/dev/null ``` {% endcode %} #### Search String {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```bash grep -rHin "" ``` {% endcode %} #### Filter {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```bash | grep ``` {% endcode %}

Grep Options	Description
`-i`	Case Insensitive
`-v`	Not contain
`-A <N>`	Also show the two lines below
`-B <N>`	Also show the two lines above
`-l`	View File Name
`-o`	View Content

{% endtab %} {% tab title="Windows" %} #### Search File {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```powershell dir /s ** ``` {% endcode %} {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```powershell Get-ChildItem -Path 'C:\' -Include **, ** -Recurse -ErrorAction Ignore ``` {% endcode %} #### Search String {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```powershell findstr /s /i *.* # contain findstr /s /i /v *.* # not contain ``` {% endcode %} {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```powershell Get-ChildItem -Path 'C:\' [-Include **, **] -Recurse -ErrorAction Ignore | Select-String -Pattern '' -ErrorAction Ignore ``` {% endcode %} #### Filter {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```powershell | findstr ``` {% endcode %} {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```powershell | select , ``` {% endcode %} {% endtab %} {% endtabs %} ## Manipulation

Command	Description
`<COMMAND> \|` `cut` `-f <N> -d "<SEP>"`	Split the output by single character <SEP> and return field <N>
`<COMMAND> \|` `awk` `-F “<SEP>” '{print $<N1>, $<N2>}'`	Split the output by characters <SEP> and return field <N1> and <N2>
`<COMMAND> \|` `tr` `"X" ”Y”`	Replaces certain characters X with others Y.
`<COMMAND> \|` `sort` `-u`	Sort and Unique
`<COMMAND> \|` `wc` `-w -l -c`	Word/Line/Char count
`<COMMAND> \|` `rev`	Reverse String
`<COMMAND> \|` `tac`	Print in Reverse, starting from the last lines
`<COMMAND> \|` `tee` `-a <FILE>`	`>` + print in output (`-a` append)

```bash cat << EOF > /PATH/TO/FILE Row 1 ... Row N EOF ``` ## Regex {% embed url="" %}

Regex	Description
`<START>.+?<END>`	Between <START> and <END> including them
`<START>``(``.+?``)``<END>`	RBetween <START> and <END> excluding them
`<START>``(``[^<END>]``)`*	Between <START> and one of the characters in <END>
`+`	At least 1 character
`*`	Even without

## Encoding {% tabs %} {% tab title="Base64" %} Only alphanumeric characters and `+` `/`.\ Multiples of 4 with padding `=`. #### Encode {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```bash | base64 ``` {% endcode %} {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```powershell # pwsh $text = '' $bytes = [System.Text.Encoding]::Unicode.GetBytes($text) $encodedText = [Convert]::ToBase64String($bytes) $encodedText ``` {% endcode %} #### Decode {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```bash | base64 -d ``` {% endcode %} {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```powershell $encodedText = '' $bytes = [Convert]::FromBase64String($encodedText) $text = [System.Text.Encoding]::Unicode.GetString($bytes) $text ``` {% endcode %} {% endtab %} {% tab title="Hex" %} `0-9` and `a-f`.\ Each character has its own hex value in the ASCII table. {% code overflow="wrap" %} ``` man ascii ``` {% endcode %} #### Encode

<COMMAND> | xxd -p

#### Decode {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```bash | xxd -p -r ``` {% endcode %} {% endtab %} {% tab title="Rot13" %} Cyclically moves characters forward 13 positions. #### Encode

<COMMAND> | tr 'A-Za-z' 'N-ZA-Mn-za-m'

#### Decode {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```bash | tr 'A-Za-z' 'N-ZA-Mn-za-m' ``` {% endcode %} {% endtab %} {% tab title="URL" %} Encode special characters into URLs. {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```bash | jq -sRr @uri ``` {% endcode %} {% endtab %} {% tab title="Note" %} Use: {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```bash echo -n ``` {% endcode %} {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```bash base64 -w 0 ``` {% endcode %} {% endtab %} {% endtabs %} ## Extract {% code title="extract.sh" overflow="wrap" %} ```bash function extract { if [ -z "$1" ]; then echo "Usage: extract ." else if [ -f $1 ]; then case $1 in *.tar.bz2) tar xvjf $1 ;; *.tar.gz) tar xvzf $1 ;; *.tar.xz) tar xvJf $1 ;; *.lzma) unlzma $1 ;; *.bz2) bunzip2 $1 ;; *.rar) unrar x -ad $1 ;; *.gz) gunzip $1 ;; *.tar) tar xvf $1 ;; *.tbz2) tar xvjf $1 ;; *.tgz) tar xvzf $1 ;; *.zip) unzip $1 ;; *.Z) uncompress $1 ;; *.7z) 7z x $1 ;; *.xz) unxz $1 ;; *.exe) cabextract $1 ;; *) echo "extract: '$1' - unknown archive method" ;; esac else echo "$1 - file does not exist" fi fi } ``` {% endcode %} {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```bash extract.sh ``` {% endcode %} ## Cross-Compiling {% tabs %} {% tab title="For Linux" %} ### C {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```bash sudo apt-get install gcc apt-get install gcc-multilib apt-get install g++-multilib ``` {% endcode %} {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```bash gcc -o # 64 bit gcc -m32 -o # 32 bit ``` {% endcode %} {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```bash chmod +x ``` {% endcode %} ### Python {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```bash python3 ``` {% endcode %} ### SO {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```bash gcc -fPIC -shared -o ``` {% endcode %} {% endtab %} {% tab title="For Windows" %} ### C {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```bash sudo apt-get install mingw-w64 ``` {% endcode %} {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```bash x86_64-w64-mingw32-gcc -o # 64 bit i686-w64-mingw32-gcc -o # 32 bit ``` {% endcode %} ### Python {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```bash pip installa pyinstaller ``` {% endcode %} {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```bash python pyinstaller.py --onefile ``` {% endcode %} ### DLL {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```powershell x86_64-w64-mingw32-gcc -shared -o [-Wl,--out-implib,] # 64 bit i686-w64-mingw32-gcc -shared -o [-Wl,--out-implib,] # 32 bit ``` {% endcode %} {% endtab %} {% endtabs %} ## Environment {% tabs %} {% tab title="venv" %} {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```bash python3 -m venv myEnv source myEnv/bin/activate ``` {% endcode %} {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```bash pip3 install NAME_PACKAGE pip3 install -r requirements.txt ``` {% endcode %} {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```bash deactivate rm -rf nome_ambiente ``` {% endcode %} {% endtab %} {% tab title="conda" %} {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```bash source ~/miniconda3/bin/activate ``` {% endcode %} {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```bash conda create -n myEnv python=3.11 conda activate myEnv conda deactivate ``` {% endcode %} {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```bash conda install NAME_PACKAGE conda install -c conda-forge NAME_PACKAGE conda list conda remove NAME_PACKAGE ``` {% endcode %} {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```bash conda env export > environment.yml conda env create -f environment.yml ``` {% endcode %} {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```bash conda remove -n myEnv --all ``` {% endcode %} {% endtab %} {% endtabs %} ## TOR {% tabs %} {% tab title="TOR" %} Start service TOR {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```bash sudo service tor start sudo service tor stop sudo service tor restart ``` {% endcode %} Set ProxyChains {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```bash vim /etc/proxychains4.conf vim /etc/proxychains.conf ``` {% endcode %} {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```bash # at the end socks4 127.0.0.1 9050 socks5 127.0.0.1 9050 ``` {% endcode %} Use command over TOR {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```bash proxychains ``` {% endcode %} {% endtab %} {% tab title="Tools" %}

Tools	Details
ZeroTrace	Routing all your system network traffic through the TOR network. `sudo zerotrace --start` `sudo zerotrace --ip` (Show current Tor IP and location) `sudo zerotrace --stop` `sudo zerotrace --new-ip` `sudo zerotrace --auto --time 300` (change IP every 5 minutes)

{% endtab %} {% endtabs %} ## GIT {% tabs %} {% tab title="Setup" %}

Description	Command
Access by token	Create tokens in `Settings/Developer` > `Settings/Personal` > `access` > `token` Insert token `git clone https://<USERNAME>:<TOKEN>@github.com/<USERNAME>/<REPOSITORY>` Or `git remote set-url origin https://<USERNAME>:<TOKEN>@github.com/<USERNAME>/<REPOSITORY>`
Downloading GitHub repositories	`git clone <LINK_REPOSITORY_GITHUB>`
Download repository changes	`git pull origin main`
Loading repository changes	`[git add -A]` `git commit -m "<DESCRIPTION>"` `git push origin [main/master]`
With SSH	`GIT_SSH_COMMAND='ssh [options]' [git command]` `GIT_SSH_COMMAND='ssh [options]' git clone <USER>@<IP>:/<REPO>` ex. `GIT_SSH_COMMAND='ssh -i id_rsa -p 43022' git clone git@192.168.213.125:/git-server` `GIT_SSH_COMMAND='ssh -i /id_rsa -p 43022' git push origin master`

{% endtab %} {% tab title="Usage" %}

Description	Command
See commit	`git log`
See the differences in commit	`git show <COMMIT_ID>` `git show --all` `git diff <COMMIT_ID>`
List of branch	`git branch`
Switch to another branch	`git switch <NAME_BRANCH>` `git checkout <NAME_BRANCH>`
Read single git files in objects/X/number	`git cat-file -p Xnumber`

{% endtab %} {% endtabs %} ## Docker ```bash sudo apt install docker.io && sudo apt install docker-compose sudo usermod -aG docker $USER ``` {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```bash sudo systemctl start docker sudo systemctl stop docker ``` {% endcode %} {% tabs %} {% tab title="Docker" %} Manages single containere.\ [**dockerfile**](https://docs.docker.com/reference/dockerfile/)

Command	Description
`docker build -t <name> .`
`docker --version`	Docker version
`docker search <STRING>`	Search in the Docker Hub
`docker login <DOMAIN>/<IMG_NAME>`	It may require authentication if you are pulling unofficial images, so you need to authenticate for that domain and image first. See a domain's registry list at `<DOMAIN>/v2/_catalog`.
`docker pull <IMG_NAME>[:<VERSION>]`	Download image from Docker Hub
`docker inspect <IMG_NAME>`	View information about the Docker image.
`docker image`	View possible commands for managing Docker images, such as `ls`
`docker volume`	View possible commands for managing Docker volumes, such as `ls`
`docker volume create <VOLUME_NAME>`	Create a volume and give it a name. They are used to store data persistently.
`docker network`	View possible commands for managing Docker network, such as `ls`
`docker network create (…) <NETWORK_NAME>`	Creating a network. It is important to specify: `--driver=bridge` : Specify the type of driver `--subnet=<ip/mask>` : Specify the subnet to be used by the container (ex. `172.18. 0.0/16`) `--gateway=<ip/mask>` : Specify the gateway to communicate outside the container (ex. typically `172.18. 0.1`)
`docker run <IMG_NAME>`	Runs a container from a specified Docker image. `--name=<NAME>` : Give a name to the container. `-d` : Run the container in the background. `-p <H_PORT>:<C_PORT>` : Perform port mapping. connect my H port to the C container port. `-v <VOLUME_NAME>:<C_PATH>` : Use a volume. Associate a created volume with a container PATH. `-v <H_PATH>:<C_PATH>` : Use a volume. Associate a PATH on the HOST system with a container PATH. `--network=<NETWORK_NAME>` : Start the container on a previously created network `-h <HOSTNAME>` : Specify hostname
`docker run -it <IMG_NAME> bash`	Start container but in interactive mode, connect to the container terminal. `CTRL+P` and `CTRL+Q` : Exit from the container while leaving it running.
`docker attach <ID>`	Resume interaction with a container.
`docker exec -it <ID_CONTAINER> bash`	Runs a new interaction process with a container's terminal (also used to reconnect after exiting, like attach).
`docker ps`	Show running containers. `-a` : Also show stopped containers (if you want to remove them).
`docker top <ID_CONTAINER>`	View the processes running inside a container.
`docker logs <ID_CONTAINER>`	View logs of a container.
`docker stat <ID_CONTAINER>`	Provides real-time information about the resources used by a container.
`docker stop <ID_CONTAINER>`	Stops a running container.
`docker start <ID_CONTAINER>`	Run a stopped container.
`docker rm <ID_CONTAINER>`	Remove and delete a container.
`docker container prune`	Remove all stopped containers.
`docker history <IMG_NAME>`	View history of operations related to a Docker image.
`docker system prune [-a --volumes]`	Complete cleaning of everything, be careful! (does not delete images)
`docker save -o <NAME>.tar <IMG_NAME>`	Save a Docker image, including all its layers and metadata.

{% endtab %} {% tab title="Docker Compose" %} Orchestration of multi-container applications.\ [**docker-compose.yml**](https://docs.docker.com/compose/intro/compose-application-model/)

Command	Description
`docker compose build`	Builds or rebuilds Docker service images in docker-compose.yml. Required only if changes are made.
`docker compose up`	Creates and starts the containers listed in the docker-compose.yml file along with a custom network. `-d` : Runs the container in the background.
`docker compose start`	Start the service containers defined in the docker-compose.yml file.
`docker compose stop`	Stop all containers listed in the docker-compose.yml file.
`docker compose down`	Stop and delete all containers listed in the docker-compose.yml file and the created network.
`docker compose logs [<SERVICE_NAME>]`	Display logs of started services. `-f` : Follow. Listen and display logs continuously.
`docker compose ps`	View the status of Docker services managed by Docker Compose.

{% endtab %} {% endtabs %} With **`ls -q`** it prints only the IDs. ## Networks **Layer 2 Data Link** : MAC address, `Switch/bridge` (Within Subnets)\ **Layer 3 Network** : IP address, `Router` (Between Networks)\ **Layer 4** **Transport** : TCP/UDP


Enable/Disable interface	`sudo ip link set dev <INTERFACE> up` `sudo ip link set dev <INTERFACE> down`
Riname Interface	`ip link set dev <OLD> name <NEW>`
Add/Remove IP	`ip addr add <IP>/<MASK> dev <INTERFACE>` `ip addr del <IP>/<MASK> dev <INTERFACE>` `ip addr change <IP>/<MASK> dev <INTERFACE>` `ip addr flush dev <INTERFACE>`
Add/Remove Route	`route -n` `ip route show` `ip route add <REMOTENET_IP>/<MASK> via <GATEWAY>` `ip route add <REMOTENET_IP>/<MASK> dev <INTERFACE>` `ip route del <REMOTENET_IP>/<MASK> via <GATEWAY>` `ip route del <REMOTENET_IP>/<MASK> dev <INTERFACE>`
Clear ARP	`arp` `ip neigh show` `ip neigh del <IP> dev <INTERFACE>` `ip neigh flush dev <INTERFACE>`
DHCP	`sudo dhclient <INTERFACE>` (request IP from DHCP)

## FakeTime {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```bash sudo apt install ntpsec-ntpdate sudo apt install faketime ``` {% endcode %} {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```bash export IP= ``` {% endcode %} {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```bash # sudo timedatectl set-ntp false faketime "$(ntpdate -q $IP | cut -d ' ' -f 1,2)" ``` {% endcode %} ## Directory to work on ```powershell C:\Windows\Temp C:\Users\Public ``` ``` /tmp /dev/shm /var/tmp /run/shm ```